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  • PYQs (GS & Optional)
  • INDIAN ECONOMY AND ISSUES RELATING TO IT

    • Capitallism and Mixed Economy
      • Explain the necessity and role of controls in a mixed economy like India.
      • Write a note on mixed economy.
    • Sector of Indian Economy
      • Discuss the progress of Indian economy during ‘Forty Years of Freedom’. What structural changes do you think have taken place in the economy?
      • Which sector of the economy is the informal sector?
      • Distinguish between primary sector, secondary sector and tertiary sector. What is the change in the share of each sector in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) during the period 1950–2000?
      • Normally countries shift from agriculture to industry and then later to services, but India shifted directly from agriculture to services. What are the reasons for the huge growth of services vis-à-vis industry in the country? Can India become a developed country without a strong industrial base?
      • Account for the failure of the manufacturing sector in achieving the goals of labour-intensive exports. Suggest measures for more labour-intensive rather than capital-intensive exports.
    • GDP and National Income
      • Distinguish between Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Product (GNP).
      • Explain per capita income as a measure of economic growth.
      • What is the difference between Gross National Product and Net National Product?
      • Explain per capita income as a measurement of economic growth.
      • What is Green GNP?
      • What is Green GDP?
      • Do you agree with the view that steady GDP growth and low inflation have left the Indian economy in good shape? Give reasons in support of your arguments.
      • Define potential GDP and explain its determinants. What are the factors that have been inhibiting India from realizing its potential GDP?
      • Explain the difference between computing methodology of India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) before the year 2015 and after the year 2015.
    • Savings and Investment
      • Discuss the specific schemes announced in the Union Budget for 1982–83 for fostering saving.
      • Despite having high saving and investment rates, India is experiencing a low growth rate. Why is it so?
      • What measures do you suggest to raise the volume of public savings in our country? Briefly state the importance of such savings for the contemporary economic scene.
      • Comment on the view that economic planning can raise the rate of capital formation appreciably above the rate attainable under a system of private saving and investment.
      • What is ICOR (Incremental Capital Output Ratio)?
      • Indian economy presents a paradox of high savings rate with low income and high savings rate with low growth rate. Analyse.
      • Describe the main sources of industrial finance in India. How could India be benefitted from recent developments in international finance?
      • Write brief note on National Investment Fund.
      • Among several factors for India’s potential growth, savings rate is the most effective one. Do you agree? What are the other factors available for growth potential?
      • Explain the meaning of investment in an economy in terms of capital formation. Discuss the factors to be considered while designing a concession agreement between a public entity and a private entity.
      • “Investment in infrastructure is essential for more rapid and inclusive economic growth.” Discuss in the light of India’s experience.
    • Monetary Policy
      • What has been the rationale for deregulating commercial banks’ lending rates as a policy strategy?
      • Comment on the view that Monetary Policy in India is used more as a stabilisation device rather than as a development tool.
    • Components of Monetary Policy
      • What is Bank Rate? What is the Bank Rate in India at present?
      • What are the main components of money supply in India?
      • What is Statutory Liquidity Requirement of commercial banks?
      • What is Cash Reserve Ratio?
      • What is Cash Reserve Ratio?
      • Write about Repo market.
      • What is Cheap Money?
      • What do you understand by ‘repo rate’ and ‘reverse repo rate’? What are the implications in raising these rates?
    • Banking and Insurance
      • Describe the organisation and the functions of Regional Rural Banks, review their achievements. Is there any conflicting jurisdiction between these rural banks and cooperative credit societies?
      • What are lead banks?
      • What is ICICI?
      • When was the idea of Agriculture Insurance Corporation mooted?
    • Lending and NPA
      • It is being suggested that the commercial banks in India should reduce their holdings of non-performing assets. Does it mean that the former should abandon social priorities?
      • Explain the essential feature of Differential Rate of Interest scheme.
      • What does “priority sector lending” mean?
      • “In the villages itself no form of credit organization will be suitable except the cooperative society.” – All India Rural Credit Survey. Discuss this statement in the background of agricultural finance in India. What constraints and challenges do financial institutions supplying agricultural finance face? How can technology be used to better reach and serve rural clients?
    • Bank and insurance committees
      • What are the recommendations of the Malhotra Committee?
      • Describe the recommendations of the Narasimhan Committee regarding the banking sector in India.
      • Salient recommendations of the RBI-appointed Damodaran Committee on customer service in banks.
    • NABARD and SIDBI
      • What is NABARD and what is its main role?
      • What is SIDBI? What are its functions?
      • What are the main objectives of NABARD?
    • Money Market and Capital Market
      • What do you understand by: (i) a right share issue, (ii) a bonus share issue?
      • What are ‘bearer bonds’? Why were special bearer bonds devised in February 1981? What were their budgetary objectives? Examine how far such bonds achieved their objectives.
      • What is Call Money?
      • What does buy-back of shares mean?
      • Highlight the main feature of the policy relating to buy-back of shares.
      • What is Hundi?
      • What are the main sources of short-term and long-term finance for Indian industries?
      • What is rolling settlement?
      • What are Nifty and the Nifty Junior?
      • What is Hot Money?
      • What is Venture Capital?
      • What are mutual funds? Do we have such funds in India?
      • What is meant by Mutual Fund?
      • Discuss the nature and causes of the UTI crisis with particular reference to US-64. How does this UTI fiasco affect the investment climate in India?
      • After the September 1st changes, do you think that Unit Linked Insurance Plans (ULIPs) and Mutual Funds (MFs) are on a level playing field? Substantiate your answer from the perspective of an ordinary investor.
      • State as to what MONEX stands for.
      • What do you understand by ‘MONEX’?
      • Write about Dow Jones.
      • What is offshore currency market?
      • What is forward currency market?
      • What are Eurobonds?
      • In the context of recent institutional developments in our capital markets, what do the following abbreviations stand for: (i) CRISIL (ii) SEBI (iii) SHCI?
      • When and why was SEBI established?
      • What is ‘CRISIL’? What does it do?
      • Expand the term “NASDAQ”.
      • What is the role of SEBI?
      • What is the main objective of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)?
    • Balance of Payment and World Trade
    • Balance of Payment
      • Do you consider a policy of import substitution or export promotion to provide an enduring solution to our balance of payments problem? Has export promotion policy been able to achieve its objectives?
      • Differentiate between Trade and Balance of Payments.
      • Craze for gold in Indians has led to a surge in import of gold in recent years and put pressure on balance of payments and the external value of rupee. In view of this, examine the merits of the Gold Monetization Scheme.
    • Currency
      • Explain the factors responsible for the decline in the value of Indian Rupee vis-a-vis U.S. Dollar during the financial year 1995–96. Enumerate the corrective measures undertaken by the Reserve Bank of India in this regard.
      • Distinguish between a “Hard” currency and a “Soft” currency.
      • What is Exchange Risk Administration Scheme?
      • How would the recent phenomena of protectionism and currency manipulations in world trade affect macroeconomic stability of India?
    • BOP Accounts
      • Why should India export iron-ore when we still produce so little steel per capita?
      • What are the major components of our total foreign exchange reserves?
      • Why did India have a surplus in current account balance in 2001–02 after a gap of 24 years?
      • What is the role of external financial assistance in Indian economy?
      • Write about: Crude oil price and Indian economy.
      • What are non-factor services in India's balance of payments?
      • Explain the term: Balance on Current Account.
      • Write about the following: Current Account Balance.
      • Discuss: Assistance to the States for Development of Export Infrastructure and Other Activities (ASIDE).
    • Workd Trade
      • Observe the following data and analyse the underlying trend in India’s export performance. (India’s Export Ratio / India’s export as a percentage of … — data-based question)
      • Bring out the main features of India’s Trade Policy.
      • Describe the changes that have taken place in the direction of international trade of India since Independence.
      • The main thrust of Export-Import Policy 2002–07 is on creating a framework for enhancing India’s export capability. In the light of this statement, outline the salient features of EXIM Policy 2002–07.
    • Prices and Inflation
      • The phenomenon of rising prices has been largely responsible for putting Indian economy and planning out of gear; it is also a source of acute hardship to the people. What are the basic reasons for continuous inflation in India and what has been the Government strategy to control it? What specific measures have recently been taken by the Government of India for controlling price level?
      • ‘Inflation has been a major and persistent cause of poverty and inequality in India.’ Analyse.
      • Examine the controversy regarding the sharp rise in the price of sugar in India in the recent past. What steps have been taken by the Government to curb it?
      • Discuss the factors that have led to the recent increase in the general price level and the measures taken by the Government to combat it.
      • It is claimed that the price situation in India improved considerably in 1992-93 with a gradual decline in the annual rate of inflation in the course of the year. What are the factors that moderated the inflationary pressures?
      • Discuss the steps taken by the Government in recent years to control inflation.
      • Besides the welfare schemes, India needs deft management of inflation and unemployment to serve the poor and the underprivileged sections of the society. Discuss.
    • Prices
      • Despite an increase in the pay-packet, the purchasing power of the people has not really gone up. How can this happen?
      • What are ‘administered prices’ and what is their role? Examine their impact on the general price level.
      • What is meant by a high cost economy? Has India developed into a high cost economy and if so, how?
      • Why has the Central Statistics Office notified a new series of Consumer Price Index from this year?
    • Concepts
      • What is a Lorentz curve?
      • Differentiate between “galloping inflation” and “run-away inflation”.
      • Illustrate Lorentz curve.
      • Write about Cost-push inflation.
      • What is Phillips curve?
      • What is Laffer curve?
      • What is stagflation?
    • Capital/Current Account Convertibility
      • What is Partial Convertibility of rupee? What are its basic objectives? How is it going to benefit the Indian economy?
      • What do you understand by “Current Account Convertibility of Rupee”?
      • What do you understand by ‘Capital Account Convertibility’ of Rupee?
      • Point out the measures undertaken towards flexibility in capital account transactions during the recent past.
      • Write about: Full convertibility.
      • Explain full convertibility of Indian Rupee.
      • Discuss: Convertibility of Indian Rupee.
    • Misc.
      • Food Web.
      • Ozone layer and its importance.
      • Ozone layer depletion.
      • What are the possible consequences of ozone layer depletion?
      • What is the ozone layer? Describe the mechanism of degradation of the ozone layer and its impact.
      • What is ozone layer? Describe the mechanism of degradation of the ozone layer and its impact.
      • Describe the carbon cycle and discuss its peculiarities. How do human activities interfere with the carbon cycle?
      • The ozone layer and its impact.
      • Global warming, its causes, and effects.
      • Suitable examples describe the biotic factors that influence intra- and interspecific relations.
      • Draw a flow diagram of the nitrogen cycle and give accounts of nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification.
      • Give the mechanism of ozone degradation by chlorofluorocarbons.
      • Draw diagrams to differentiate between ecological pyramids based on predator-prey relationship and energy flow in an ecological niche.
      • Write note on ecological pyramids with suitable examples.
      • Ecological niche.
      • What is Integrated Pest Management? Describe the different strategies of integrated pest management employed in agriculture.
      • Define ecosystem. Discuss the structure and functions of ecosystem.
      • Discuss environmental degradation with regards to inland water resources. Suggest measures to restore the water quality of our rivers, lakes, and reservoirs.
      • Elaborate the term 'Ecosystem' and explain its structural components with examples. Comment on Trophic Dynamics concept.
      • What is Ganga action plan? Explain.
      • Give an account of causes and consequences of pollution of aquatic resources and the problem of cultural eutrophication. Suggest measures for the abatement of water degradation.
      • Distinguish between a dominant and keystone species. Add a note on the crucial role played by the keystone species on the community structure and structure of a food web.
      • Define ecosystem. Discuss the dynamic of the ecosystem and the factors influencing it.
      • Explicate the 'Nitrogen Cycle' and comment on its importance in the ecosystem?
      • Aquatic ecosystem
      • Trophic levels.
      • Trophic levels.
      • What is meant by the population? Describe various characteristics of a population. Discuss the phenomenon of stabilization of populations.
      • “A population is a self-regulating system.” (Wynne Edwards). Explain.
      • What is meant by distribution? Explain patterns of distribution in natural populations.
      • What is meant by distribution? Explain patterns of distribution in natural populations.
      • “A population is a self-regulating system.” Justify.
      • What is population growth? Delineate different factors affecting population growth. Distinguish between “J” shaped and “S” shaped growth curve with examples.
      • Differentiate between population dispersal and population dispersion.
      • Define population. Explain the characteristics of a population.
      • Describe various means which result in change in gene frequencies in a population.
      • Distinguish between founder effect and bottleneck effect. How do these forces affect gene frequency of a large population?
      • Distinguish between a dominant and keystone species. Add a note on the crucial role played by the keystone species on the community structure and structure of a food web.
      • What are various biological resources? Discuss in detail the efforts made and present status of conservation of biological resources in India.
      • Write an account of the mission "Project Tiger" and mention the conservation strategies.
      • What is Project Tiger? Discuss the various threats and conservation strategies to protect tigers in India.
      • What are Euphenics? Explain its use for the improvement of human welfare.
      • Distinguish between in situ and ex situ conservation of animals. Provide suitable examples.
      • Discuss the role of molecular taxonomy in coding of biodiversity.
      • What is taxonomic hierarchy? Explain biodiversity on the basis of molecular taxonomy using suitable examples.
      • Red Data Book.
      • What is ‘Ganga action plan’? Explain.
      • What is the ozone layer? Describe the mechanism of degradation of the ozone layer and its impact.
      • Discuss briefly the degradation of terrestrial ecosystems by human activities.
      • Ozone layer, its destruction, and effects.
      • Describe the rapidly acting synaptic transmitters with suitable examples.
      • Define ‘insight’. Explain this behavior using the example of Chimpanzees.
      • How do animals navigate in the dark? Use owl and chiropterans as examples and highlight the features of their navigational sensory equipment.
      • How do animals perceive mechanical and olfactory stimuli from the environment? Explain.
      • Explain Aggressive and Territorial behaviour in animals, with suitable examples.
      • Describe the Predator-Prey relationship with suitable examples.
      • Describe the Predator-Prey relationship with suitable examples.
      • With suitable example describe the neuro-endocrine control of behaviors.
      • Indian major carps and Exotic carps
      • What are the different criteria for the selection of candidate species for aquaculture?
      • Through a labelled diagram, show the stages of the life-history of Bombyx mori.
      • Beneficial insects.
      • Induced breeding.
      • Induced breeding for major carps.
      • Culture of freshwater prawns.
      • Elaborate on the structural organization of compound eye in prawn.
      • What are the major carps of India? Describe the polyculture methods of rearing the major carps.
      • Amniocentesis
      • Define a pest. Describe the life cycle of Pyrilla perpusilla. Add notes on the damage caused by it and its control measures.
      • Define a pest. Describe the life cycle of Pyrilla perpusiella. Add notes on the damage caused by it and its control measures.
      • Describe the life history and pathogenicity of Pyrilla perpusilla. Note on its preventive measures.
      • Write scientific names of any three pests of stored grains and describe the nature of damage and management of Sitophilus oryzae.
      • Account for the damage caused by two major insect pests for each of the paddy and stored cereals, with a note on the bionomics and control measures of the pests.
      • Mean and Mode
      • Natality and Mortality
      • Lotka-Volterra model
      • Give an account of “Analysis of variance” and mention its significance.
      • Describe the principle and application of ANOVA.
      • Give an account of "Analysis of variance" and mention its significance.
      • Standard deviation, standard error, and methods of sampling.
      • Explain the arithmetic mean. Calculate arithmetic mean of classified data with an example.
      • Give an account of "Analysis of variance" and mention its significance.
      • Describe the principle, working mechanism and applications of Geiger Muller counter.
      • Describe the principle, working and applications of Scintillation counter.
      • Insect vision.
      • Describe the principle and working of a Geiger-Muller counter and its use in Biology.
      • Electrophoresis is a valuable tool in resolving cryptic-species complexes. Discuss.
      • Electrophoresis is a valuable tool in resolving cryptic-species complexes. Discuss.
      • Describe the principle, structure and function of Liquid scintillation counter and mention its application.
      • Describe the principle, structure, and function of the Liquid scintillation counter and mention its application.
      • Explain the principle, working, and applications of the Geiger-Muller counter.
      • While using a compound microscope, how will you know how much you are magnifying an object? Through a distance under low and high powers. (150 words)
      • Describe the principle and working of a flame photometer.
      • Illustrate the organisation of electron transport particles on the inner mitochondrial membrane and explain their role in ATP synthesis.
      • Describe in detail about the respiratory chain or electron transport during oxidative phosphorylation in Mitochondria.
      • Explain with the help of diagrams, how the transport of electrons through the four complexes of the respiratory chain in mitochondria leads to the formation of a proton gradient and ATP synthesis.
      • Give schematic representation of electron transport chain. Describe the energy coupling mechanism in oxidative phosphorylation using chemiosmotic model.
      • Difference between male heterogamety and female heterogamety with examples.
      • Explain how the biological energy transformations obey the laws of thermodynamics.
      • What is Hox gene? Give the properties of Hox Gene and its cluster. What role do they play in humans?
      • What is DNA fingerprinting? Explain the principles and applications of DNA fingerprinting.
      • Describe the principle, procedure and applications of DNA fingerprinting.
      • Explain the following: (i) Principle of DNA fingerprinting
      • Explain the following: (ii) Michaelis-Menten kinetic pattern of an enzymatic reaction
      • What do you mean by a genetic clone? Describe a protocol of cloning of a recombinant DNA.
      • Explain the use of minisatellite DNA in the process of DNA fingerprinting.
      • Intraspecific relations.
      • Enumerate the selection pressures that led to bipedal locomotion in hominids.
      • Haeckel propounded the concept (law), “Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”. Give evidence and examples that negate it or favor it.
      • Haeckel propounded the concept (law), “Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”. Give evidence and examples that negate it or favor it.
      • Fossil reptiles and their evolutionary significance.
      • Write an essay on the fossil records of amphibians to explain their origin and evolution.
      • Eohippus and Parahippus.
      • Dating of fossils.
      • Identify the five important evolutionary changes that led to the evolution of modern Homo sapiens from the ancestral stock during various Geological eras and epochs.
      • What are fossils? Describe the process of fossil formation and give two methods of determining the age of fossils.
      • Write an account of the methods of determination of the age of fossils.
      • How are fossils formed? Describe the methods of dating of fossils.
      • Affinities of Balanoglossus.
      • Describe the traditional methods of classification of animals.
      • Discuss the laws of thermodynamics and their applications in biological systems.
      • Describe the use of molecular techniques in animal taxonomy.
      • Describe different types of vectors.
      • What is ICZN? Explain the principle, scope, and limitations in the presentday scenario of nomenclature.
      • What is I.V.F.? Make a flow chart of steps in I.V.F. Add a note on its applications.
      • What is I.V.F.? Make a flow chart of steps in I.V.F. Add a note on its applications.
      • Species and Subspecies.
      • Genera and Species.
      • Binomial system of classification.
      • Methods of zoological classification.
      • Chemotaxonomy and cytotaxonomy.
      • Chemotaxonomy.
      • Affinities and systematic position of Balanoglossus.
      • Write the systematic position of an oilseed pest. Give an account of its life cycle and the damage caused by this pest. Write a note on its control measures.
      • Describe the mechanism of synthesis of protein and steroid hormones. How do they affect cellular activity.
      • What are gap junction proteins? Discuss the roles of connexins in cellular interaction.
      • Peroxysome and Glyoxysome.
      • Neurohormones and Neurohumors.
      • ACTH.
      • Draw welllabelled diagrams of transverse sections of mammalian testis and ovary. Describe the functions of male and female sex hormones (Testosterone and Estrogen).
      • Compare the functions of prostaglandins and histamine. Give reasons for their being considered as hormones.
      • Describe the functional anatomy of neuroendocrine interrelationship in mammalian hypophysis. Name hypothalamic and hypophyseal hormones in the tabular form showing their functional relationship. With the help of the diagram only, explain feedback mechanism in the HPG axis.
      • Give the structural formula of an amino acid and show how a peptide bond formation occurs. Also explain how amino acids differ from each other.
      • Give the structural formula of an amino acid and show how a peptide bond formation occurs. Also explain how amino acids differ from each other.
      • Explain the neuroendocrine regulation of insect metamorphosis with suitable illustrations. Comment on the role of JH (Juvenile Hormone) in insect metamorphosis.
      • Define Apoptosis. Explain its mechanism with suitable example.
      • Give an account of chemical nature and function of Neurohypophyseal hormones in mammals.
      • Illustrate the structure of a dipeptide and mention the characteristics of the peptide bond.
      • What is thermoregulation? How do homeothermic animals sustain by maintaining their body temperature in harsh climatic condition?
      • With the help of a welllabelled diagram (ventral aspect), describe the heart of rabbit showing major blood vessels. Add a note on the mechanism of circulation through the heart.
      • What controls heartbeat, and the rate at which blood flows through the circulatory system?
      • How does the structure of antibody give its specificity of functions? Add a note on the causes of allergic reaction.
      • Mention the different steps in the metabolism of iron. What are the functions that require iron? Add a note on the regulatory mechanism that ensure stable titers of iron in the body.
      • Explain ABO blood groups with its genetic basis and significance in blood transfusion.
      • Elucidate the importance of thermoregulation with reference to its relationship with homeostasis in endothermic animals.
      • Elucidate the importance of thermoregulation with reference to its relationship with homeostasis in endothermic animals.
      • Give a comprehensive account of gaseous transport in blood.
      • Genetic basis of ABO blood group system.
      • Describe the role of Calcitonin, Parathormone and Vitamin D3, in calcium metabolism.
      • Explain the extrinsic pathway for initiation of blood clotting.
      • Describe the genetics of ABO human blood groups. Can a man of blood group B be the father of the child of a woman of blood group A? The blood group of the child is O. Explain the genotypes.
      • Give a diagrammatic representation of citric acid cycle and discuss its role in metabolism.
      • Define thermoregulation. How do homeotherms regulate body temperature in hot and cold climates?
      • (i) Explain ATP utilizing reactions of glycolytic pathway.
      • (ii) Write NADH and FADH, producing reactions of Krebs cycle.
      • ABO system of blood groups and its basis, and erythroblastosis foetalis.
      • Chloride shift
      • What are erythroid cells? Explain the RBC lineage in balancing haemoglobin manufacture.
      • Draw a welllabelled schematic diagram of the feeding current through the gut of Branchiostoma, and comment on the mechanism of feeding and digestion.
      • Henley's loop.
      • On your answerbook, write down the name of each of the ganglia marked (i) to (vii) in the diagram below on the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of autonomic nervous system: parasympathetic sympathetic Nervous system; Nervous System. How do they regulate the visceral and reflex functions of the body?
      • Discuss the mechanism involved in the survival of estuarine animals in varying salinities.
      • Explain the role of ADH and juxtaglomerular complex in the regulation of kidney function.
      • Illustrate the countercurrent mechanism by vasa recta and mention its physiological importance.
      • Explain the counter current mechanism operating at vasa recta and its role in urine formation.
      • With suitable examples, compare the chemical structure and functions of acetylcholine (in adrenergic neuron) and serotonin / 5hydroxytryptamine / γamino butyric acid (in peptidergic neurons).
      • What do you understand by osmoregulation? Describe the phenomenon and physiology of urine formation.
      • What is hypothalamopituitary axis? Draw a welllabelled diagram of pituitary gland and describe the functions of its hormones.
      • Capacitation and Acrosome reaction.
      • Organogenesis in the frog embryo.
      • Comparison of alimentary canal of frog and rabbit.
      • Draw well labelled diagrams only of male urinogenital system of Labeo and frog.
      • Describe the role of neuroendocrine factors and Sertoli cell secretions on spermatogenic functions of human seminiferous tubules.
      • Describe hyoid apparatus in Frog or Necturus.
      • What are the stages of the development of animals? How is it done?
      • Explain in detail about the events involved in the transformation of spermatid into sperm. Comment on why you consider these changes as essential.
      • Describe the process of metamorphosis in frogs and explain the role of thyroxin.
      • Illustrate the process of development during gastrulation in a chick embryo.
      • Describe with welllabelled diagram, the stages involved in Meiotic prophase.
      • What is primordial germ cell? With the help of suitable diagram, discuss the process of oogenesis.
      • Competence in embryology.
      • Regeneration and Neoplasia.
      • Regeneration.
      • Regeneration.
      • What is embryonic induction? Describe the mechanism of induction giving examples.
      • Describe the mechanism of embryonic induction giving examples.
      • Give a schematic representation of differentiation of sexual phenotypes during early embryonic development in mammals.
      • Explain the functions of mammalian integument.
      • Role of mosquitoes as vectors of human diseases.
      • Give an account of gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle and briefly discuss their pathogenicity.
      • Explain various measures implemented by the government to manage vehicular pollution in India.
      • List various population characteristics. Explain Jshaped and Sshaped growth forms with suitable examples.
      • Differentiate between inner and outer mitochondrial membrane.
      • Explain different steps in the activation of receptor protein tyrosine kinase with diagrams.
      • Give a brief account of evolution of man in Pleistocene period.
      • How does glucagon regulate the glycogen metabolism?
      • Using R groups properties, classify amino acids.
      • Describe the structure and functions of antibody isotypes with diagrams.
      • What is regeneration? Describe regenerative ability in hydra, planaria and urodele amphibians.
      • Name three economic legislations in India and specify the objective of each.
      • What are ‘economic’ offences? Name two such offences and the laws enacted in India to deal with them.
      • Explain the terms: (a) Merit Goods (b) Trickle Down Theory (c) Engel’s Law (d) Meaning of CCIL (e) Administered Price (f) Capital-Output Ratio.
      • What is Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)?
    • Misc. Organisations
      • Write a short note on European Common Market (1992).
      • Give the full names of (i) FAO (ii) FOB (iii) GATT.
      • What are Euro issues?
      • What is Eurostar?
      • What is an MOU? What does it mean?
      • What is CEMA bloc?
      • Write about the following: NAMA.
      • Comment on the reasons for the recent economic crisis in the so-called ‘PIGS’ countries of Europe.
    • World Trade Organisation (WTO)
    • The WTO
      • What do WTO stand for?
      • What is WTO? What are India’s objections to its overall functioning?
    • Doha Round
      • What do we understand by “Doha Round” of talks?
      • Discuss India's stand on agricultural issues in WTO’s Ministerial Conferences since Doha Round.
      • “In the WTO negotiations over the years of the Doha Round, India appears to be diluting its stand on agriculture issues to pursue perceived gains in services.” Critically examine this statement.
      • “The broader aims and objectives of WTO are to manage and promote international trade in the era of globalization. But the Doha round of negotiations seem doomed due to differences between the developed and the developing countries.” Discuss, in the Indian perspective.
    • Food Security
      • Food Security Bill is expected to eliminate hunger and malnutrition in India. Critically discuss various apprehensions in its effective implementation along with the concerns it has generated in WTO.
      • WTO is an important international institution where decisions taken affect countries in a profound manner. What is the mandate of WTO and how binding are their decisions? Critically analyse India’s stand on the latest round of talks on Food Security.
    • Dumping
      • What is ‘dumping’? What is its objective?
      • What is Dumping? Evaluate the remedial measures taken by Government of India vis-a-vis WTO provisions regarding dumping.
    • Agreements on Agriculture
      • What are the major provisions of Agreements on Agriculture in the context of World Trade Organisation?
      • What are the major provisions of Agreements on Agriculture in the context of World Trade Organisation?
      • What is the difference between Green Box subsidies and Blue Box subsidies?
      • What are the direct and indirect subsidies provided to farm sector in India? Discuss the issues raised by the World Trade Organization (WTO) in relation to agricultural subsidies.
    • Importance, Challenges and reforms
      • Discuss the reasons for the failure of the Seattle Millennium talks on the WTO (World Trade Organisation). Discuss some implications of this failure for the Indian economy.
      • Discuss the importance of World Trade Organisation (WTO) to Indian economy in the light of various opportunities and challenges at the global level.
      • The aim of Information Technology Agreements (ITAs) is to lower all taxes and tariffs on information technology products by signatories to zero. What impact would such agreements have on India’s interests?
      • What are the key areas of reform if the WTO has to survive in the present context of ‘Trade War’, especially keeping in mind the interest of India?
    • Free Trade
      • What is Marrakesh Declaration?
      • Examine the functions of the European Free Trade Association.
      • What is the main difference between free trade area and common market?
      • Write about the following: Non-tariff trade barriers.
      • Write about the following: Free Trade Area.
      • What are the challenges before the Indian economy when the world is moving away from free trade and multilateralism to protectionism and bilateralism? How can these challenges be met?
    • World Bank and IMF
      • How are the rising powers challenging the USA and Western dominance in the IMF and the World Bank?
      • “The IMF, World Bank, G-7, GATT and other structures are designed to serve the interests of TNCs, Banks and investment firms in a “New Imperial age.” Substantiate with examples of governance of new world order.
      • How far are the world governance mechanisms, dominated by IMF and World Bank, legitimate and relevant? What measures do you suggest to improve their effectiveness in global governance?
      • Explain the role of non-state actors, like IMF, World Bank, European Union and MNCs, in modulating and transforming the broad dynamics of international relations.
      • Comment: IMF and India’s development
      • Comment: India and the IMF
      • Describe briefly about - The World Bank.
      • Write short notes on the following. Your answer should cover inter alia the points mentioned: IMF Loan to India: Reasons for seeking the loan assistance; quantum of loan sanctioned; amounts so far released by IMF; corrective measures taken by the Government of India in pursuance of their discussions with IMF.
      • What is a ‘soft loan’?
      • What does SDR stand for? How are the countries benefited by it?
      • Elucidate Special Drawing Rights.
      • What is IFC?
      • Write about the following: Special Drawing Rights (SDRs).
      • Does India need the World Bank?
      • Compare and contrast the role of the IMF with that of the World Bank.
  1. PYQs and Practice Questions
  2. UPSC IAS (CSE)
  3. UPSC Mains
  4. ECONOMY
  5. INDIAN ECONOMY AND ISSUES RELATING TO IT
  6. Prices

Despite an increase in the pay-packet, the purchasing power of the people has not really gone up. How can this happen? (UPSC 1987, 2 Marks, )

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Introduction
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What are ‘administered prices’ and what is their role? Examine their impact on the general price level. (UPSC 1988, 20 Marks, )

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Introduction
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What is meant by a high cost economy? Has India developed into a high cost economy and if so, how? (UPSC 1989, 20 Marks, )

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Introduction
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Why has the Central Statistics Office notified a new series of Consumer Price Index from this year? (UPSC 2011, 5 Marks, )

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Introduction
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