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  • PYQs (GS & Optional)
  • Forest Soils, Soil Conservation and Watershed management
    • Forest Soils
    • Classification of Forest Soils
    • Factors Affecting Soil Formation
    • Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties of Forest Soils
    • Soil Conservation and Erosion Control
    • Soil Erosion and Erosion Control
    • Soil Erosion - Wind and Water Erosion: Types and Management
    • Conservation and Management of Eroded Soils and Areas
    • Windbreaks and Shelterbelts
    • Sand Dunes: Stabilization and Management
    • Reclamation of Saline, Alkaline, Waterlogged, and Waste Lands
    • Role of Forests in Soil Conservation
    • Maintenance and Build-up of Soil Organic Matter
    • Green Leaf Manuring
    • Forest Leaf Litter Composting
    • Role of Microorganisms in Ameliorating Soils
    • Nitrogen and Carbon Cycles
    • Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM)
    • Watershed Management and Concepts of Watershed
    • Role of Mini-Forests and Forest Trees in Overall Resource Management
    • Forest Hydrology
    • Watershed Development in Respect of Torrent Control, River Channel Stabilization, Avalanche and Landslide Controls
    • Watershed Management in Rehabilitation of Degraded Areas, Hilly and Mountain Areas
    • Environmental Functions of Forests in Watershed Management
    • Water Harvesting and Conservation
      • What is water harvesting? Describe its relevance in the Indian context.
      • Elucidate the factors contributing to the growing need for water harvesting in India, both rural and urban.
      • “The ideal solution of depleting ground water resources in India is water harvesting system.” How can it be made effective in urban areas?
      • What is water stress? How and why does it differ regionally in India?
      • Suggest measures to improve water storage and irrigation system to make its judicious use under depleting scenario.
      • What are the salient features of the Jal Shakti Abhiyan launched by the Government of India for water conservation and water security?
      • The world is facing an acute shortage of clean and safe freshwater. What are the alternative technologies which can solve this crisis? Briefly discuss any three such technologies citing their key merits and demerits.
      • Examine the factors responsible for depleting groundwater in India. What are the steps taken by the government to mitigate such depletion of groundwater?
    • Groundwater Recharge and Watershed Management
    • Role of Integrating Forest Trees, Horticultural Crops, Field Crops, Grasses, and Fodders in Watershed Management
  2. PYQs and Practice Questions
  3. UPSC Optionals
  4. Forestry Optional
  5. Forest Soils, Soil Conservation and Watershed management
  6. Forest Hydrology
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