With the depletion of land resources, humans are increasingly turning to the sea to meet their needs. This shift towards utilizing the resources of the ocean has become necessary to sustain our growing population and economy.

Underwater nodules are geological formations found on the ocean floor that contain valuable minerals. These nodules are composed of a mixture of metals such as manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt, and copper. They are typically found in areas of the ocean that have low sedimentation rates and are considered to be potential sources of these valuable minerals.

Ocean floor polymetallic sulphides are mineral deposits found on the ocean floor that contain high concentrations of metals such as copper, zinc, lead, and gold. These deposits are formed through hydrothermal processes, where hot fluids rich in minerals are released from the Earth's crust into the ocean.

The world is currently facing a resource crisis, with increasing demands for energy, food, and raw materials. As the population continues to grow, it is crucial to explore alternative sources to meet these needs sustainably. One potential solution lies in harnessing the vast resources of the oceans. Oceans cover more than 70% of the Earth's surface and hold immense potential for meeting the resource crisis.

India has been showing a keen interest in the resources of the Arctic region due to its strategic importance and potential economic benefits. As the Arctic region becomes more accessible due to climate change, countries like India are looking to capitalize on the opportunities it presents.